^ "article"

^ array:13 [
  "alt" => ""
  "array" => array:7 [
    0 => "https:"
    1 => "www.hesge.ch"
    2 => "head"
    3 => "issue"
    4 => "en"
    5 => "publications"
    6 => "sortir-du-recit-la-domination-exercee-les-animaux-julie-enckell-julliard"
  ]
  "current" => "en"
  "display_alt" => "fr"
  "item" => Drupal\node\Entity\Node {#1825
    #entityTypeId: "node"
    #enforceIsNew: &2 null
    #typedData: Drupal\Core\Entity\Plugin\DataType\EntityAdapter {#1899
      #definition: Drupal\Core\Entity\TypedData\EntityDataDefinition {#1907
        #definition: array:1 [
          "constraints" => array:2 [
            "EntityType" => "node"
            "Bundle" => array:1 [ …1]
          ]
        ]
        #typedDataManager: null
        #propertyDefinitions: array:46 [
          "nid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1922
            #definition: array:6 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1923 …5}
              "read-only" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "nid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808
              #discovery: null
              #factory: null
              #mapper: null
              #cacheKey: "typed_data_types_plugins"
              #cacheTags: []
              #alterHook: "data_type_info"
              #subdir: "Plugin/DataType"
              #moduleHandler: Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandler {#30 …12}
              #defaults: []
              #pluginDefinitionAnnotationName: "Drupal\Core\TypedData\Annotation\DataType"
              #pluginInterface: null
              #namespaces: ArrayObject {#305 …5}
              #additionalAnnotationNamespaces: []
              #definitions: array:274 [ …274]
              #cacheBackend: Drupal\Core\Cache\DatabaseBackend {#296 …5}
              #useCaches: true
              #validator: null
              #constraintManager: Drupal\Core\Validation\ConstraintManager {#303 …17}
              #prototypes: array:126 [ …126]
              #classResolver: Drupal\Core\DependencyInjection\ClassResolver {#62 …4}
              #_serviceIds: []
              #_entityStorages: []
              +"_serviceId": "typed_data_manager"
            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1924
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1922}
            }
            #type: "integer"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [
              "value" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition {#6153 …2}
            ]
            #schema: array:4 [
              "columns" => array:1 [ …1]
              "unique keys" => []
              "indexes" => []
              "foreign keys" => []
            ]
            #indexes: []
          }
          "uuid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1925
            #definition: array:6 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1926 …5}
              "read-only" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "uuid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1927
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1925}
            }
            #type: "uuid"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "vid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1928
            #definition: array:6 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1929 …5}
              "read-only" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "vid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1930
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1928}
            }
            #type: "integer"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "langcode" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1931
            #definition: array:8 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1932 …5}
              "display" => array:2 [ …2]
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "langcode"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1933
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1931}
            }
            #type: "language"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "type" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1934
            #definition: array:7 [
              "label" => "Type de contenu"
              "required" => true
              "read-only" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "type"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1935
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1934}
            }
            #type: "entity_reference"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:2 [
              "target_id" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataReferenceTargetDefinition {#3416 …2}
              "entity" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataReferenceDefinition {#5292 …3}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_timestamp" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1936
            #definition: array:7 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1937 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1938 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_timestamp"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1939
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1936}
            }
            #type: "created"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_uid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1940
            #definition: array:7 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1941 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1942 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_uid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1943
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1940}
            }
            #type: "entity_reference"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_log" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1944
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1945 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1946 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "display" => array:1 [ …1]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_log"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1947
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1944}
            }
            #type: "string_long"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "status" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1948
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1949 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "display" => array:1 [ …1]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "status"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1950
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1948}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [
              "value" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition {#2982 …2}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "uid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1953
            #definition: array:10 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1954 …5}
              "translatable" => true
              "default_value_callback" => "Drupal\node\Entity\Node::getDefaultEntityOwner"
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1955 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "display" => array:2 [ …2]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "uid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1956
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1953}
            }
            #type: "entity_reference"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:2 [
              "target_id" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataReferenceTargetDefinition {#2695 …2}
              "entity" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataReferenceDefinition {#2697 …3}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "title" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#2017
            #entityTypeId: "base_field_override"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
            ]
            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.title"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "621795ea-d9f7-40d6-8cdb-96be2cf95e79"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.title"
            #field_name: "title"
            #field_type: "string"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Titre admin"
            #description: ""
            #settings: []
            #required: true
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2706
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#2017}
            }
            #constraints: []
            #propertyConstraints: []
            #baseFieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1957
              #definition: array:9 [ …9]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808}
              #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1959 …3}
              #type: "string"
              #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [ …1]
              #schema: array:4 [ …4]
              #indexes: []
            }
          }
          "created" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1960
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1961 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1962 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "display" => array:2 [ …2]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "created"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1963
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1960}
            }
            #type: "created"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [
              "value" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition {#2714 …2}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "changed" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1964
            #definition: array:8 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1965 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1966 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "changed"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1967
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1964}
            }
            #type: "changed"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [
              "value" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition {#3518 …2}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "promote" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#2018
            #entityTypeId: "base_field_override"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
            ]
            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.promote"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "821ef834-6f9c-4364-919a-d3dbdb2d0c70"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.promote"
            #field_name: "promote"
            #field_type: "boolean"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Promu en page d'accueil"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
              "on_label" => "Activé"
              "off_label" => "Désactivé"
            ]
            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: array:1 [
              0 => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: null
            #itemDefinition: null
            #constraints: []
            #propertyConstraints: []
            #baseFieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1968
              #definition: array:9 [ …9]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1970 …3}
              #type: "boolean"
              #propertyDefinitions: null
              #schema: null
              #indexes: []
            }
          }
          "sticky" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1973
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1974 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "display" => array:1 [ …1]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "sticky"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1975
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1973}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "default_langcode" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1978
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1979 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1980 …5}
              "translatable" => true
              "revisionable" => true
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "default_langcode"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1981
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1978}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_default" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1984
            #definition: array:10 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1985 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1986 …5}
              "storage_required" => true
              "internal" => true
              "translatable" => false
              "revisionable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_default"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1987
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1984}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_translation_affected" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1990
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1991 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1992 …5}
              "read-only" => true
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_translation_affected"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1993
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1990}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "metatag" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1996
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1997 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1998 …5}
              "class" => "\Drupal\metatag\Plugin\Field\MetatagEntityFieldItemList"
              "computed" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "provider" => "metatag"
              "field_name" => "metatag"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1999
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1996}
            }
            #type: "map"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "path" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2000
            #definition: array:8 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2001 …5}
              "translatable" => true
              "display" => array:1 [ …1]
              "computed" => true
              "provider" => "path"
              "field_name" => "path"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2002
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2000}
            }
            #type: "path"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "menu_link" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2003
            #definition: array:12 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2004 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2005 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "class" => "\Drupal\token\MenuLinkFieldItemList"
              "translatable" => true
              "internal" => true
              "display" => array:2 [ …2]
              "computed" => true
              "provider" => "token"
              "field_name" => "menu_link"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2006
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2003}
            }
            #type: "entity_reference"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "content_translation_source" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2007
            #definition: array:10 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2008 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2009 …5}
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "initial_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "content_translation"
              "field_name" => "content_translation_source"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2010
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2007}
            }
            #type: "language"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "content_translation_outdated" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2011
            #definition: array:10 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2012 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2013 …5}
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "initial_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "content_translation"
              "field_name" => "content_translation_outdated"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2014
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2011}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "field_authors" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2019
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
            ]
            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.field_authors"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "0f0df090-6da2-45b5-b58b-5d6629eceb96"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_authors"
            #field_name: "field_authors"
            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Auteur·ices"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
              "handler" => "default:node"
              "handler_settings" => array:4 [ …4]
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              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
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              #_entityStorages: []
              #originalId: "node.field_authors"
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              #uuid: "6770c08e-d51b-4945-8e6b-88ba90b0719a"
              -isUninstalling: false
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              #type: "entity_reference"
              #module: "core"
              #settings: array:1 [ …1]
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              #persist_with_no_fields: false
              +custom_storage: false
              #indexes: []
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            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1909
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2019}
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          "field_citation" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2020
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            #langcode: "fr"
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              "module" => array:2 [ …2]
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              Ce champ se génère tout seul avec le modèle suivant : \r\n
              Prénom Nom, « Titre – Sous-titre  », Issue, 5 mars 2025.\r\n
              \r\n
              Saisir manuellement dans ce champ pour forcer une autre formulation.
              """
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          "field_cover_image" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2021
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            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
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              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
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            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Image de couverture"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
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            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2285
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              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              -isUninstalling: false
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              #third_party_settings: []
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              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
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              #id: "node.field_cover_image"
              #field_name: "field_cover_image"
              #entity_type: "node"
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              #module: "core"
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            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2333
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2021}
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            #constraints: []
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          "field_credit_publication" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2022
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            #uuid: "50311fe6-2d04-4800-9e4c-25f01851493c"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: array:1 [
              "allowed_formats" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
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            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:2 [ …2]
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            #id: "node.post.field_credit_publication"
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            #label: "Crédit publication"
            #description: ""
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            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2286
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
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              #id: "node.field_credit_publication"
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              #entity_type: "node"
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              +custom_storage: false
              #indexes: []
              #deleted: false
              #schema: null
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            #itemDefinition: null
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          "field_date" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2023
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
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            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
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              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
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            #id: "node.post.field_date"
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            #entity_type: "node"
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            #label: "Date"
            #description: ""
            #settings: []
            #required: true
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            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2287
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
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              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
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              #status: true
              #uuid: "feffd0bb-a3a0-4a89-a7e6-193ecd35a1b3"
              -isUninstalling: false
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              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
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              #id: "node.field_date"
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              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "datetime"
              #module: "datetime"
              #settings: array:1 [ …1]
              #cardinality: 1
              #translatable: true
              #locked: false
              #persist_with_no_fields: false
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            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2435
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2023}
            }
            #constraints: []
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          "field_departments" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2024
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            #cacheMaxAge: -1
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            #status: true
            #uuid: "0ad2de40-5d4e-45de-a671-a2de66618168"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_departments"
            #field_name: "field_departments"
            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Départements associés"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
              "handler" => "default:taxonomy_term"
              "handler_settings" => array:4 [ …4]
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            #required: false
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            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2288
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
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              #status: true
              #uuid: "21544032-b467-412b-88d7-d810cbfee28b"
              -isUninstalling: false
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              #id: "node.field_departments"
              #field_name: "field_departments"
              #entity_type: "node"
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              #module: "core"
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              +custom_storage: false
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            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2448
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2024}
            }
            #constraints: []
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          "field_license" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2025
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
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            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
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            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_license"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "55b36c94-dc83-405a-88e9-9158e4cca1cc"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
              "content" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_license"
            #field_name: "field_license"
            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Licence"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
              "handler" => "default:taxonomy_term"
              "handler_settings" => array:4 [ …4]
            ]
            #required: true
            #translatable: false
            #default_value: array:1 [
              0 => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2296
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
              #enforceIsNew: null
              #typedData: null
              #cacheContexts: array:1 [ …1]
              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              #originalId: "node.field_license"
              #status: true
              #uuid: "5ffabd1b-45cd-4eb4-b6d0-e9e3103b035b"
              -isUninstalling: false
              #langcode: "fr"
              #third_party_settings: []
              #_core: []
              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_license"
              #field_name: "field_license"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "entity_reference"
              #module: "core"
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              #translatable: true
              #locked: false
              #persist_with_no_fields: false
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            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2558
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2025}
            }
            #constraints: []
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            #deleted: false
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          "field_og_description" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2026
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_og_description"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "d5b6c064-b28d-43b2-b6fa-cce6bc284fcc"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_og_description"
            #field_name: "field_og_description"
            #field_type: "string"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Référencement : description"
            #description: "Très courte description pour le référencement (70 caractères)"
            #settings: []
            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2297
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
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              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              #originalId: "node.field_og_description"
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              #uuid: "fb75c06d-930a-4aee-af29-952c4694109f"
              -isUninstalling: false
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              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_og_description"
              #field_name: "field_og_description"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "string"
              #module: "core"
              #settings: array:3 [ …3]
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              +custom_storage: false
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            #itemDefinition: null
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          "field_post_abstract" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2027
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_abstract"
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            #uuid: "f7d240e6-3cc3-473b-bc74-0dd31cc2c291"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: array:1 [
              "allowed_formats" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:2 [ …2]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_abstract"
            #field_name: "field_post_abstract"
            #field_type: "text_long"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Résumé"
            #description: "Calibrage optimal : 500 signes"
            #settings: []
            #required: true
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2305
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
              #enforceIsNew: null
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              #cacheContexts: array:1 [ …1]
              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              #originalId: "node.field_post_abstract"
              #status: true
              #uuid: "678691f5-501b-44f7-89c7-ad002c851cfb"
              -isUninstalling: false
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              #third_party_settings: []
              #_core: []
              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_post_abstract"
              #field_name: "field_post_abstract"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "text_long"
              #module: "text"
              #settings: []
              #cardinality: 1
              #translatable: true
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              #persist_with_no_fields: false
              +custom_storage: false
              #indexes: []
              #deleted: false
              #schema: null
              #propertyDefinitions: array:3 [ …3]
            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2573
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#808}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2027}
            }
            #constraints: []
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            #deleted: false
          }
          "field_post_embed_credit" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2028
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_embed_credit"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "c110555d-55f9-4a80-b9ba-6e03af510305"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: array:1 [
              "allowed_formats" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:2 [ …2]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_embed_credit"
            #field_name: "field_post_embed_credit"
            #field_type: "text_long"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Crédit du module"
            #description: "Exemple :  “Auteur, Titre du projet, année. Développement : Auteur”"
            #settings: []
            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2306
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
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              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              #originalId: "node.field_post_embed_credit"
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              #uuid: "c4a33dc2-020f-4a5a-9a40-4a4ee586082c"
              -isUninstalling: false
              #langcode: "fr"
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              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
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          "field_post_embed_url" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2029
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            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
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            #id: "node.post.field_post_embed_url"
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          "field_post_images_credit" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2030
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            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: array:1 [
              "allowed_formats" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
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            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:2 [ …2]
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            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2308
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          "field_post_media_images" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2031
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              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
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            #isSyncing: false
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            #label: "Images"
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            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2309
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          "field_post_media_sound" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2032
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_media_sound"
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            #langcode: "fr"
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            #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_media_sound"
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            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Podcast"
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            #settings: array:2 [ …2]
            #required: false
            #translatable: false
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2310 …33}
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          "field_post_media_video" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2033
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
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            #_serviceIds: []
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_media_video"
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            -isUninstalling: false
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            #third_party_settings: []
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            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_media_video"
            #field_name: "field_post_media_video"
            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Vidéo"
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            #settings: array:2 [ …2]
            #required: false
            #translatable: false
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2311 …33}
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          "field_post_nature" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2034
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            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
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            #id: "node.post.field_post_nature"
            #field_name: "field_post_nature"
            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Nature du contenu"
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            #settings: array:2 [ …2]
            #required: true
            #translatable: false
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2312 …33}
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2600 …3}
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          "field_post_text" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2035
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            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_text"
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            #uuid: "e79cb826-6c12-4a51-ac29-f3bab6923582"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
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            #trustedData: false
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            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_text"
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            #field_type: "text_long"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Texte"
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            #settings: []
            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2313 …33}
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2613 …3}
            #constraints: []
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            #deleted: false
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          "field_post_trans_credit" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2036
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
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            #_serviceIds: []
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_trans_credit"
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            #uuid: "d96762fb-f058-44cf-8868-e1637260de49"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
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            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_trans_credit"
            #field_name: "field_post_trans_credit"
            #field_type: "string"
            #entity_type: "node"
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            #label: "Traduction"
            #description: "Crédit de la traduction, langue source entre parenthèses."
            #settings: []
            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2314 …33}
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          "field_post_type" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2037
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_type"
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            #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
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            #id: "node.post.field_post_type"
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          "field_related_publications" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2038
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            #settings: array:2 [ …2]
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          "field_subtitle" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2039
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            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2320 …33}
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          "field_tags" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2040
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          "field_title_displayed" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2041
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            "value" => "<p>Why use the Bechdel test model to assess the representation of animals in works of fiction? Julie Enckell speaks with HEAD – Geneva alumna and illustrator Fanny Vaucher about the SIMBA test she developed in 2024, at the intersection of her artistic practice and her anti-speciesist activism.</p>\r\n"
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            "value" => "<p>Pourquoi reprendre le modèle du test de Bechdel pour évaluer les représentations des animaux dans les récits de fiction ? Julie Enckell s’entretient avec l’illustratrice alumna de la HEAD – Genève Fanny Vaucher, au sujet du test SIMBA qu’elle a élaboré en 2024, au croisement de sa pratique artistique et de son activisme antispéciste.</p>\r\n"
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              <p style="text-align:start"><mark class="question"><em>Julie Enckell&nbsp;:</em> Tu as créé un test de Bechdel[note]Le test de Bechdel est issu d’un comic-strip dessiné par Alison Bechdel, d’après une idée de son amie Liz Wallace, dans sa série <em>Dykes to Watch Out For</em> en 1985. Intitulé <em>«&nbsp;The Rule&nbsp;»</em>, le strip montre deux amies devant un cinéma, l’une expliquant à l’autre qu’elle ne va au cinéma que si 1/ le film comporte deux personnages de femmes, 2/ qui se parlent entre elles 3/ d’autre chose que d’un homme. La «&nbsp;règle&nbsp;» est devenue, à partir de ce strip, un outil féministe d’analyse des représentations [ndlr].[/note]&nbsp;appelé Simba, dédié à la représentation des animaux dans la fiction. Simba est le nom du<em> Roi Lion</em>, mais aussi un acronyme pour “Stéréotype, Individualité, Mémoire de poisson rouge, Banalisation, Animaux réels”. Tu as créé cet outil pour questionner la manière dont notre imaginaire a été formaté.</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>Fanny Vaucher&nbsp;:</em> Oui, ce test a pour but de pointer le spécisme dont font preuve la plupart des créations, et d’aider à représenter les animaux de manière non discriminante. Comme toute idéologie à contre-courant, celle qui remplirait les critères du test Simba requiert une volonté de produire un récit différent. Il est impossible de ne pas répéter les standards de la société sans faire un effort de réflexion. On base toujours nos récits sur ce que l’on connaît. Dans la fiction, les seules histoires qui passent le test Simba sont celles produites par des personnes ayant vraiment à cœur de ne pas être discriminantes à l’égard des animaux. <w:sdt id="400491159" sdttag="goog_rdk_0" showingplchdr="t">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</w:sdt>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> Pourquoi est-il important, d’après toi, de représenter les animaux de manière non discriminante ? Après tout, ils ne vont pas voir les films ni lire les livres…</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Les fictions reproduisent notre modèle de société et cantonnent les animaux à l’image que ce modèle nous donne d’eux : des ressources au service de l’humain, qu’il est acceptable de dominer. Si on veut enfin sortir de ce schéma, il faut proposer des créations qui s’en émancipent, qui explorent un rapport différent entre les personnes humaines et non humaines.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> Tu cites l’exemple du film <em>Ratatouille</em> (2007), un film d’animation des studios Pixar, qui échappe à la règle…</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Oui mais c’est un cas à part. Je n’ai pas trouvé d’indications dans des articles ou dans des interviews du réalisateur, Brad Bird, qui prouveraient qu’il avait réellement à cœur de faire un film qui ne serait pas spéciste. C’est peut-être un heureux hasard - et d’ailleurs il est épatant, mais il ne passe quand même pas le test. On pourrait mentionner aussi <em>Chicken Run 1 </em>(2000), qui est phénoménal.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;: </em>Tu t’es intéressée au test imaginé par Alison Bechdel pour sensibiliser à la représentation des femmes dans le cinéma. Pourquoi&nbsp;as-tu opté pour ce modèle ?</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Je voulais un système simple pour l’adapter à un sujet moins discuté. Alison Bechdel raconte qu’au départ, ce test a été imaginé comme une blague. Pour moi c’était plus sérieux&nbsp;! J’ai voulu me saisir d’un format connu pour parler d’une question grave, même si j’ai réalisé par après que le test n’était pas si familier que ça aux personnes de mon entourage.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> As-tu toujours été sensible à la représentation animale depuis que tu fais de l’illustration&nbsp;? Si oui, comment percevais-tu le rôle des animaux dans la littérature jeunesse par exemple&nbsp;?</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Je suis antispéciste depuis l’âge de 19 ans. Cela précède donc ma formation en bande dessinée. J’ai jusqu’à récemment traité ces deux domaines séparément. La bande dessinée est un milieu «&nbsp;normal&nbsp;», qui relaye autant de rapports de domination entre l’humain et l’animal que d’autres domaines de création. Il reflète la société, ni plus ni moins.&nbsp; Il était donc difficile pour moi de concilier mes convictions avec ma pratique. Puis j’ai fait des lectures en dramaturgie et en narratologie dans le cadre du développement d’un scénario. C’est là que j’ai commencé à réfléchir à la construction des personnages et à ce que ces derniers devaient avoir comme parcours pour constituer des protagonistes intéressants. J’ai acquis de nouveaux outils pour construire mes récits. C’est là que j’ai commencé à enquêter pour savoir s’il existait un test pour évaluer le traitement des animaux dans les films. J’ai uniquement trouvé sur un blog allemand une personne qui disait qu’il fallait l’inventer&nbsp;! J’ai donc élaboré le test Simba. Je visionnais des films et je comprenais les mécanismes qui étaient à l’œuvre, les choix que les auteur-ices auraient pu faire pour que les animaux aient une autre place, un autre rôle, etc.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> Tu proposes une grille de lecture. Comment imagines-tu sa diffusion&nbsp;? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Ce test a été publié par l’Observatoire du spécisme et je l’ai envoyé à tous les contacts que je pensais être intéressés&nbsp;: les médias, le terreau culturel, les réseaux sociaux, etc. Il existe par ailleurs le Prix Maya en France, qui récompense des publications qui font avancer la cause animale. Je leur ai donné ce test qui devrait être intégré à leurs critères. Cela fait son chemin…</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> Le fait que ton activité d’artiste et ta sensibilité antispéciste se soient rencontrés a-t-il donné lieu à de nouveaux projets&nbsp;? As-tu eu envie de développer ça dans la fiction&nbsp;?</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> J’ai toujours eu cette envie, même si les projets personnels sont ceux qui sont les plus difficiles à faire avancer. Pour l’anecdote, quand j’ai fait le test, j’étais en train d’écrire le scénario d’une bande dessinée et je me suis rendu compte que le récit ne passait pas le test&nbsp;! Il va m’aider dans de nombreux projets.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> As-tu opté pour des choix formels particuliers&nbsp;? Le style des illustrations du test diffère passablement de tes bandes dessinées de commande par exemple.</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Ce sont des choix de simplicité, je voulais faire quelque chose de plus direct, jeté. C’est le reflet d’un dessin plus libre que celui de la commande, qui doit être détaillée, précise.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>Entretien mené le 5 septembre 2024 à Lausanne</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
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              <p style="text-align:start"><mark class="question"><em>Julie Enckell&nbsp;:</em> Tu as créé un test de Bechdel[note]Le test de Bechdel est issu d’un comic-strip dessiné par Alison Bechdel, d’après une idée de son amie Liz Wallace, dans sa série <em>Dykes to Watch Out For</em> en 1985. Intitulé <em>«&nbsp;The Rule&nbsp;»</em>, le strip montre deux amies devant un cinéma, l’une expliquant à l’autre qu’elle ne va au cinéma que si 1/ le film comporte deux personnages de femmes, 2/ qui se parlent entre elles 3/ d’autre chose que d’un homme. La «&nbsp;règle&nbsp;» est devenue, à partir de ce strip, un outil féministe d’analyse des représentations [ndlr].[/note]&nbsp;appelé Simba, dédié à la représentation des animaux dans la fiction. Simba est le nom du<em> Roi Lion</em>, mais aussi un acronyme pour “Stéréotype, Individualité, Mémoire de poisson rouge, Banalisation, Animaux réels”. Tu as créé cet outil pour questionner la manière dont notre imaginaire a été formaté.</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>Fanny Vaucher&nbsp;:</em> Oui, ce test a pour but de pointer le spécisme dont font preuve la plupart des créations, et d’aider à représenter les animaux de manière non discriminante. Comme toute idéologie à contre-courant, celle qui remplirait les critères du test Simba requiert une volonté de produire un récit différent. Il est impossible de ne pas répéter les standards de la société sans faire un effort de réflexion. On base toujours nos récits sur ce que l’on connaît. Dans la fiction, les seules histoires qui passent le test Simba sont celles produites par des personnes ayant vraiment à cœur de ne pas être discriminantes à l’égard des animaux. <w:sdt id="400491159" sdttag="goog_rdk_0" showingplchdr="t">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</w:sdt>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> Pourquoi est-il important, d’après toi, de représenter les animaux de manière non discriminante ? Après tout, ils ne vont pas voir les films ni lire les livres…</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Les fictions reproduisent notre modèle de société et cantonnent les animaux à l’image que ce modèle nous donne d’eux : des ressources au service de l’humain, qu’il est acceptable de dominer. Si on veut enfin sortir de ce schéma, il faut proposer des créations qui s’en émancipent, qui explorent un rapport différent entre les personnes humaines et non humaines.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> Tu cites l’exemple du film <em>Ratatouille</em> (2007), un film d’animation des studios Pixar, qui échappe à la règle…</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Oui mais c’est un cas à part. Je n’ai pas trouvé d’indications dans des articles ou dans des interviews du réalisateur, Brad Bird, qui prouveraient qu’il avait réellement à cœur de faire un film qui ne serait pas spéciste. C’est peut-être un heureux hasard - et d’ailleurs il est épatant, mais il ne passe quand même pas le test. On pourrait mentionner aussi <em>Chicken Run 1 </em>(2000), qui est phénoménal.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;: </em>Tu t’es intéressée au test imaginé par Alison Bechdel pour sensibiliser à la représentation des femmes dans le cinéma. Pourquoi&nbsp;as-tu opté pour ce modèle ?</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Je voulais un système simple pour l’adapter à un sujet moins discuté. Alison Bechdel raconte qu’au départ, ce test a été imaginé comme une blague. Pour moi c’était plus sérieux&nbsp;! J’ai voulu me saisir d’un format connu pour parler d’une question grave, même si j’ai réalisé par après que le test n’était pas si familier que ça aux personnes de mon entourage.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> As-tu toujours été sensible à la représentation animale depuis que tu fais de l’illustration&nbsp;? Si oui, comment percevais-tu le rôle des animaux dans la littérature jeunesse par exemple&nbsp;?</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Je suis antispéciste depuis l’âge de 19 ans. Cela précède donc ma formation en bande dessinée. J’ai jusqu’à récemment traité ces deux domaines séparément. La bande dessinée est un milieu «&nbsp;normal&nbsp;», qui relaye autant de rapports de domination entre l’humain et l’animal que d’autres domaines de création. Il reflète la société, ni plus ni moins.&nbsp; Il était donc difficile pour moi de concilier mes convictions avec ma pratique. Puis j’ai fait des lectures en dramaturgie et en narratologie dans le cadre du développement d’un scénario. C’est là que j’ai commencé à réfléchir à la construction des personnages et à ce que ces derniers devaient avoir comme parcours pour constituer des protagonistes intéressants. J’ai acquis de nouveaux outils pour construire mes récits. C’est là que j’ai commencé à enquêter pour savoir s’il existait un test pour évaluer le traitement des animaux dans les films. J’ai uniquement trouvé sur un blog allemand une personne qui disait qu’il fallait l’inventer&nbsp;! J’ai donc élaboré le test Simba. Je visionnais des films et je comprenais les mécanismes qui étaient à l’œuvre, les choix que les auteur-ices auraient pu faire pour que les animaux aient une autre place, un autre rôle, etc.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> Tu proposes une grille de lecture. Comment imagines-tu sa diffusion&nbsp;? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Ce test a été publié par l’Observatoire du spécisme et je l’ai envoyé à tous les contacts que je pensais être intéressés&nbsp;: les médias, le terreau culturel, les réseaux sociaux, etc. Il existe par ailleurs le Prix Maya en France, qui récompense des publications qui font avancer la cause animale. Je leur ai donné ce test qui devrait être intégré à leurs critères. Cela fait son chemin…</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> Le fait que ton activité d’artiste et ta sensibilité antispéciste se soient rencontrés a-t-il donné lieu à de nouveaux projets&nbsp;? As-tu eu envie de développer ça dans la fiction&nbsp;?</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> J’ai toujours eu cette envie, même si les projets personnels sont ceux qui sont les plus difficiles à faire avancer. Pour l’anecdote, quand j’ai fait le test, j’étais en train d’écrire le scénario d’une bande dessinée et je me suis rendu compte que le récit ne passait pas le test&nbsp;! Il va m’aider dans de nombreux projets.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>J.E.&nbsp;:</em> As-tu opté pour des choix formels particuliers&nbsp;? Le style des illustrations du test diffère passablement de tes bandes dessinées de commande par exemple.</mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>F.V.&nbsp;:</em> Ce sont des choix de simplicité, je voulais faire quelque chose de plus direct, jeté. C’est le reflet d’un dessin plus libre que celui de la commande, qui doit être détaillée, précise.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>Entretien mené le 5 septembre 2024 à Lausanne</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
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browse summary of Issue #28

Why use the Bechdel test model to assess the representation of animals in works of fiction? Julie Enckell speaks with HEAD – Geneva alumna and illustrator Fanny Vaucher about the SIMBA test she developed in 2024, at the intersection of her artistic practice and her anti-speciesist activism.

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Julie Enckell : Tu as créé un test de Bechdel[note]Le test de Bechdel est issu d’un comic-strip dessiné par Alison Bechdel, d’après une idée de son amie Liz Wallace, dans sa série Dykes to Watch Out For en 1985. Intitulé « The Rule », le strip montre deux amies devant un cinéma, l’une expliquant à l’autre qu’elle ne va au cinéma que si 1/ le film comporte deux personnages de femmes, 2/ qui se parlent entre elles 3/ d’autre chose que d’un homme. La « règle » est devenue, à partir de ce strip, un outil féministe d’analyse des représentations [ndlr].[/note] appelé Simba, dédié à la représentation des animaux dans la fiction. Simba est le nom du Roi Lion, mais aussi un acronyme pour “Stéréotype, Individualité, Mémoire de poisson rouge, Banalisation, Animaux réels”. Tu as créé cet outil pour questionner la manière dont notre imaginaire a été formaté.

Fanny Vaucher : Oui, ce test a pour but de pointer le spécisme dont font preuve la plupart des créations, et d’aider à représenter les animaux de manière non discriminante. Comme toute idéologie à contre-courant, celle qui remplirait les critères du test Simba requiert une volonté de produire un récit différent. Il est impossible de ne pas répéter les standards de la société sans faire un effort de réflexion. On base toujours nos récits sur ce que l’on connaît. Dans la fiction, les seules histoires qui passent le test Simba sont celles produites par des personnes ayant vraiment à cœur de ne pas être discriminantes à l’égard des animaux.       

 

J.E. : Pourquoi est-il important, d’après toi, de représenter les animaux de manière non discriminante ? Après tout, ils ne vont pas voir les films ni lire les livres…

F.V. : Les fictions reproduisent notre modèle de société et cantonnent les animaux à l’image que ce modèle nous donne d’eux : des ressources au service de l’humain, qu’il est acceptable de dominer. Si on veut enfin sortir de ce schéma, il faut proposer des créations qui s’en émancipent, qui explorent un rapport différent entre les personnes humaines et non humaines.

 

J.E. : Tu cites l’exemple du film Ratatouille (2007), un film d’animation des studios Pixar, qui échappe à la règle…

F.V. : Oui mais c’est un cas à part. Je n’ai pas trouvé d’indications dans des articles ou dans des interviews du réalisateur, Brad Bird, qui prouveraient qu’il avait réellement à cœur de faire un film qui ne serait pas spéciste. C’est peut-être un heureux hasard - et d’ailleurs il est épatant, mais il ne passe quand même pas le test. On pourrait mentionner aussi Chicken Run 1 (2000), qui est phénoménal.

 

J.E. : Tu t’es intéressée au test imaginé par Alison Bechdel pour sensibiliser à la représentation des femmes dans le cinéma. Pourquoi as-tu opté pour ce modèle ?

F.V. : Je voulais un système simple pour l’adapter à un sujet moins discuté. Alison Bechdel raconte qu’au départ, ce test a été imaginé comme une blague. Pour moi c’était plus sérieux ! J’ai voulu me saisir d’un format connu pour parler d’une question grave, même si j’ai réalisé par après que le test n’était pas si familier que ça aux personnes de mon entourage.

 

J.E. : As-tu toujours été sensible à la représentation animale depuis que tu fais de l’illustration ? Si oui, comment percevais-tu le rôle des animaux dans la littérature jeunesse par exemple ?

F.V. : Je suis antispéciste depuis l’âge de 19 ans. Cela précède donc ma formation en bande dessinée. J’ai jusqu’à récemment traité ces deux domaines séparément. La bande dessinée est un milieu « normal », qui relaye autant de rapports de domination entre l’humain et l’animal que d’autres domaines de création. Il reflète la société, ni plus ni moins.  Il était donc difficile pour moi de concilier mes convictions avec ma pratique. Puis j’ai fait des lectures en dramaturgie et en narratologie dans le cadre du développement d’un scénario. C’est là que j’ai commencé à réfléchir à la construction des personnages et à ce que ces derniers devaient avoir comme parcours pour constituer des protagonistes intéressants. J’ai acquis de nouveaux outils pour construire mes récits. C’est là que j’ai commencé à enquêter pour savoir s’il existait un test pour évaluer le traitement des animaux dans les films. J’ai uniquement trouvé sur un blog allemand une personne qui disait qu’il fallait l’inventer ! J’ai donc élaboré le test Simba. Je visionnais des films et je comprenais les mécanismes qui étaient à l’œuvre, les choix que les auteur-ices auraient pu faire pour que les animaux aient une autre place, un autre rôle, etc.

 

J.E. : Tu proposes une grille de lecture. Comment imagines-tu sa diffusion ?

F.V. : Ce test a été publié par l’Observatoire du spécisme et je l’ai envoyé à tous les contacts que je pensais être intéressés : les médias, le terreau culturel, les réseaux sociaux, etc. Il existe par ailleurs le Prix Maya en France, qui récompense des publications qui font avancer la cause animale. Je leur ai donné ce test qui devrait être intégré à leurs critères. Cela fait son chemin…

 

J.E. : Le fait que ton activité d’artiste et ta sensibilité antispéciste se soient rencontrés a-t-il donné lieu à de nouveaux projets ? As-tu eu envie de développer ça dans la fiction ?

F.V. : J’ai toujours eu cette envie, même si les projets personnels sont ceux qui sont les plus difficiles à faire avancer. Pour l’anecdote, quand j’ai fait le test, j’étais en train d’écrire le scénario d’une bande dessinée et je me suis rendu compte que le récit ne passait pas le test ! Il va m’aider dans de nombreux projets.

 

J.E. : As-tu opté pour des choix formels particuliers ? Le style des illustrations du test diffère passablement de tes bandes dessinées de commande par exemple.

F.V. : Ce sont des choix de simplicité, je voulais faire quelque chose de plus direct, jeté. C’est le reflet d’un dessin plus libre que celui de la commande, qui doit être détaillée, précise.

 

Entretien mené le 5 septembre 2024 à Lausanne

 

notes

  1. Le test de Bechdel est issu d’un comic-strip dessiné par Alison Bechdel, d’après une idée de son amie Liz Wallace, dans sa série Dykes to Watch Out For en 1985. Intitulé « The Rule », le strip montre deux amies devant un cinéma, l’une expliquant à l’autre qu’elle ne va au cinéma que si 1/ le film comporte deux personnages de femmes, 2/ qui se parlent entre elles 3/ d’autre chose que d’un homme. La « règle » est devenue, à partir de ce strip, un outil féministe d’analyse des représentations [ndlr].