^ "article"

^ array:13 [
  "alt" => ""
  "array" => array:7 [
    0 => "https:"
    1 => "www.hesge.ch"
    2 => "head"
    3 => "issue"
    4 => "en"
    5 => "publications"
    6 => "principles-open-ended-artistic-research-anthony-masure-doreen-mende-sylvain-menetrey"
  ]
  "current" => "en"
  "display_alt" => "fr"
  "item" => Drupal\node\Entity\Node {#1822
    #entityTypeId: "node"
    #enforceIsNew: &2 null
    #typedData: Drupal\Core\Entity\Plugin\DataType\EntityAdapter {#1896
      #definition: Drupal\Core\Entity\TypedData\EntityDataDefinition {#1904
        #definition: array:1 [
          "constraints" => array:2 [
            "EntityType" => "node"
            "Bundle" => array:1 [ …1]
          ]
        ]
        #typedDataManager: null
        #propertyDefinitions: array:45 [
          "nid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1919
            #definition: array:6 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1920 …5}
              "read-only" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "nid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807
              #discovery: null
              #factory: null
              #mapper: null
              #cacheKey: "typed_data_types_plugins"
              #cacheTags: []
              #alterHook: "data_type_info"
              #subdir: "Plugin/DataType"
              #moduleHandler: Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandler {#30 …12}
              #defaults: []
              #pluginDefinitionAnnotationName: "Drupal\Core\TypedData\Annotation\DataType"
              #pluginInterface: null
              #namespaces: ArrayObject {#305 …5}
              #additionalAnnotationNamespaces: []
              #definitions: array:274 [ …274]
              #cacheBackend: Drupal\Core\Cache\DatabaseBackend {#296 …5}
              #useCaches: true
              #validator: null
              #constraintManager: Drupal\Core\Validation\ConstraintManager {#303 …17}
              #prototypes: array:135 [ …135]
              #classResolver: Drupal\Core\DependencyInjection\ClassResolver {#62 …4}
              #_serviceIds: []
              #_entityStorages: []
              +"_serviceId": "typed_data_manager"
            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1921
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1919}
            }
            #type: "integer"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [
              "value" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition {#6224 …2}
            ]
            #schema: array:4 [
              "columns" => array:1 [ …1]
              "unique keys" => []
              "indexes" => []
              "foreign keys" => []
            ]
            #indexes: []
          }
          "uuid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1922
            #definition: array:6 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1923 …5}
              "read-only" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "uuid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1924
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1922}
            }
            #type: "uuid"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "vid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1925
            #definition: array:6 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1926 …5}
              "read-only" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "vid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1927
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1925}
            }
            #type: "integer"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "langcode" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1928
            #definition: array:8 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1929 …5}
              "display" => array:2 [ …2]
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "langcode"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1930
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1928}
            }
            #type: "language"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "type" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1931
            #definition: array:7 [
              "label" => "Type de contenu"
              "required" => true
              "read-only" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "type"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1932
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1931}
            }
            #type: "entity_reference"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:2 [
              "target_id" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataReferenceTargetDefinition {#3446 …2}
              "entity" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataReferenceDefinition {#5343 …3}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_timestamp" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1933
            #definition: array:7 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1934 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1935 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_timestamp"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1936
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1933}
            }
            #type: "created"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_uid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1937
            #definition: array:7 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1938 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1939 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_uid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1940
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1937}
            }
            #type: "entity_reference"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_log" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1941
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1942 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1943 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "display" => array:1 [ …1]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_log"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1944
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1941}
            }
            #type: "string_long"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "status" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1945
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1946 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "display" => array:1 [ …1]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "status"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1947
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1945}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [
              "value" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition {#2985 …2}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "uid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1950
            #definition: array:10 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1951 …5}
              "translatable" => true
              "default_value_callback" => "Drupal\node\Entity\Node::getDefaultEntityOwner"
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1952 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "display" => array:2 [ …2]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "uid"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1953
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1950}
            }
            #type: "entity_reference"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:2 [
              "target_id" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataReferenceTargetDefinition {#2696 …2}
              "entity" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataReferenceDefinition {#2698 …3}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "title" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#2014
            #entityTypeId: "base_field_override"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
            ]
            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.title"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "621795ea-d9f7-40d6-8cdb-96be2cf95e79"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.title"
            #field_name: "title"
            #field_type: "string"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Titre admin"
            #description: ""
            #settings: []
            #required: true
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2707
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#2014}
            }
            #constraints: []
            #propertyConstraints: []
            #baseFieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1954
              #definition: array:9 [ …9]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807}
              #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1956 …3}
              #type: "string"
              #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [ …1]
              #schema: array:4 [ …4]
              #indexes: []
            }
          }
          "created" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1957
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1958 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1959 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "display" => array:2 [ …2]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "created"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1960
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1957}
            }
            #type: "created"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [
              "value" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition {#2715 …2}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "changed" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1961
            #definition: array:8 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1962 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1963 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "changed"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1964
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1961}
            }
            #type: "changed"
            #propertyDefinitions: array:1 [
              "value" => Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition {#3572 …2}
            ]
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "promote" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#2015
            #entityTypeId: "base_field_override"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
            ]
            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.promote"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "821ef834-6f9c-4364-919a-d3dbdb2d0c70"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.promote"
            #field_name: "promote"
            #field_type: "boolean"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Promu en page d'accueil"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
              "on_label" => "Activé"
              "off_label" => "Désactivé"
            ]
            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: array:1 [
              0 => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: null
            #itemDefinition: null
            #constraints: []
            #propertyConstraints: []
            #baseFieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1965
              #definition: array:9 [ …9]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1967 …3}
              #type: "boolean"
              #propertyDefinitions: null
              #schema: null
              #indexes: []
            }
          }
          "sticky" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1970
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1971 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "display" => array:1 [ …1]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "sticky"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1972
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1970}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "default_langcode" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1975
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1976 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1977 …5}
              "translatable" => true
              "revisionable" => true
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "default_langcode"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1978
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1975}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_default" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1981
            #definition: array:10 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1982 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1983 …5}
              "storage_required" => true
              "internal" => true
              "translatable" => false
              "revisionable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_default"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1984
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1981}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "revision_translation_affected" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1987
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1988 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1989 …5}
              "read-only" => true
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "node"
              "field_name" => "revision_translation_affected"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1990
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1987}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "metatag" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1993
            #definition: array:9 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1994 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1995 …5}
              "class" => "\Drupal\metatag\Plugin\Field\MetatagEntityFieldItemList"
              "computed" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "provider" => "metatag"
              "field_name" => "metatag"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1996
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1993}
            }
            #type: "map"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "path" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1997
            #definition: array:8 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1998 …5}
              "translatable" => true
              "display" => array:1 [ …1]
              "computed" => true
              "provider" => "path"
              "field_name" => "path"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1999
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1997}
            }
            #type: "path"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "menu_link" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2000
            #definition: array:12 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2001 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2002 …5}
              "revisionable" => true
              "class" => "\Drupal\token\MenuLinkFieldItemList"
              "translatable" => true
              "internal" => true
              "display" => array:2 [ …2]
              "computed" => true
              "provider" => "token"
              "field_name" => "menu_link"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2003
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2000}
            }
            #type: "entity_reference"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "content_translation_source" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2004
            #definition: array:10 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2005 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2006 …5}
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "initial_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "content_translation"
              "field_name" => "content_translation_source"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2007
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2004}
            }
            #type: "language"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "content_translation_outdated" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2008
            #definition: array:10 [
              "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2009 …5}
              "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#2010 …5}
              "default_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "initial_value" => array:1 [ …1]
              "revisionable" => true
              "translatable" => true
              "provider" => "content_translation"
              "field_name" => "content_translation_outdated"
              "entity_type" => "node"
              "bundle" => null
            ]
            #typedDataManager: null
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2011
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: null
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#2008}
            }
            #type: "boolean"
            #propertyDefinitions: null
            #schema: null
            #indexes: []
          }
          "field_authors" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2016
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
            ]
            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.field_authors"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "0f0df090-6da2-45b5-b58b-5d6629eceb96"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_authors"
            #field_name: "field_authors"
            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Auteur·ices"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
              "handler" => "default:node"
              "handler_settings" => array:4 [ …4]
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              #cacheMaxAge: -1
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              #_entityStorages: []
              #originalId: "node.field_authors"
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              #uuid: "6770c08e-d51b-4945-8e6b-88ba90b0719a"
              -isUninstalling: false
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              #type: "entity_reference"
              #module: "core"
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              #translatable: true
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              #persist_with_no_fields: false
              +custom_storage: false
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              #propertyDefinitions: array:2 [ …2]
            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1906
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2016}
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          "field_citation" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2017
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            #cacheTags: []
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            #status: true
            #uuid: "bb851bca-4120-4374-bd33-86b82a1447f1"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: array:1 [
              "allowed_formats" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
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            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:2 [ …2]
            ]
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            #id: "node.post.field_citation"
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            #entity_type: "node"
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            #label: "Citation"
            #description: """
              Ce champ se génère tout seul avec le modèle suivant : \r\n
              Prénom Nom, « Titre – Sous-titre  », Issue, 5 mars 2025.\r\n
              \r\n
              Saisir manuellement dans ce champ pour forcer une autre formulation.
              """
            #settings: []
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          "field_cover_image" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2018
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_cover_image"
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            #uuid: "c8c3b9d3-cc49-4d71-8028-25682fbda136"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
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            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_cover_image"
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            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Image de couverture"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
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            ]
            #required: true
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            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2281
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
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              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              #originalId: "node.field_cover_image"
              #status: true
              #uuid: "21e3434f-ecb0-4949-a472-957d3731a178"
              -isUninstalling: false
              #langcode: "fr"
              #third_party_settings: []
              #_core: []
              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_cover_image"
              #field_name: "field_cover_image"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "entity_reference"
              #module: "core"
              #settings: array:1 [ …1]
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              #translatable: true
              #locked: false
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              +custom_storage: false
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            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2330
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2018}
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            #constraints: []
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          "field_date" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2019
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
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            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
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            #_entityStorages: []
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            #status: true
            #uuid: "1cc67310-76aa-4abc-bf03-1dabbcef3c37"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_date"
            #field_name: "field_date"
            #field_type: "datetime"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Date"
            #description: ""
            #settings: []
            #required: true
            #translatable: false
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2282
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
              #enforceIsNew: null
              #typedData: null
              #cacheContexts: array:1 [ …1]
              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              #originalId: "node.field_date"
              #status: true
              #uuid: "feffd0bb-a3a0-4a89-a7e6-193ecd35a1b3"
              -isUninstalling: false
              #langcode: "fr"
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              #_core: []
              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_date"
              #field_name: "field_date"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "datetime"
              #module: "datetime"
              #settings: array:1 [ …1]
              #cardinality: 1
              #translatable: true
              #locked: false
              #persist_with_no_fields: false
              +custom_storage: false
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              #schema: null
              #propertyDefinitions: array:2 [ …2]
            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2428
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2019}
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            #constraints: []
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          "field_departments" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2020
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            #cacheTags: []
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            #originalId: "node.post.field_departments"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "0ad2de40-5d4e-45de-a671-a2de66618168"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
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            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_departments"
            #field_name: "field_departments"
            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Départements associés"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
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            #required: false
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            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2283
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
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              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              #originalId: "node.field_departments"
              #status: true
              #uuid: "21544032-b467-412b-88d7-d810cbfee28b"
              -isUninstalling: false
              #langcode: "fr"
              #third_party_settings: []
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              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_departments"
              #field_name: "field_departments"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "entity_reference"
              #module: "core"
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              #cardinality: -1
              #translatable: true
              #locked: false
              #persist_with_no_fields: false
              +custom_storage: false
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              #schema: null
              #propertyDefinitions: array:2 [ …2]
            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2441
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2020}
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            #constraints: []
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          "field_license" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2021
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
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            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.field_license"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "55b36c94-dc83-405a-88e9-9158e4cca1cc"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:3 [ …3]
              "content" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_license"
            #field_name: "field_license"
            #field_type: "entity_reference"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Licence"
            #description: ""
            #settings: array:2 [
              "handler" => "default:taxonomy_term"
              "handler_settings" => array:4 [ …4]
            ]
            #required: true
            #translatable: false
            #default_value: array:1 [
              0 => array:1 [ …1]
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            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2291
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
              #enforceIsNew: null
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              #cacheContexts: array:1 [ …1]
              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
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              #originalId: "node.field_license"
              #status: true
              #uuid: "5ffabd1b-45cd-4eb4-b6d0-e9e3103b035b"
              -isUninstalling: false
              #langcode: "fr"
              #third_party_settings: []
              #_core: []
              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_license"
              #field_name: "field_license"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "entity_reference"
              #module: "core"
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              #cardinality: 1
              #translatable: true
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              +custom_storage: false
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            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2553
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2021}
            }
            #constraints: []
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          "field_og_description" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2022
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
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            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.field_og_description"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "d5b6c064-b28d-43b2-b6fa-cce6bc284fcc"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:1 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_og_description"
            #field_name: "field_og_description"
            #field_type: "string"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Référencement : description"
            #description: "Très courte description pour le référencement (70 caractères)"
            #settings: []
            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2292
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
              #enforceIsNew: null
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              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
              #_entityStorages: []
              #originalId: "node.field_og_description"
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              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_og_description"
              #field_name: "field_og_description"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "string"
              #module: "core"
              #settings: array:3 [ …3]
              #cardinality: 1
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              #locked: false
              #persist_with_no_fields: false
              +custom_storage: false
              #indexes: []
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              #schema: null
              #propertyDefinitions: null
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            #itemDefinition: null
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          "field_post_abstract" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2023
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_abstract"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "f7d240e6-3cc3-473b-bc74-0dd31cc2c291"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: array:1 [
              "allowed_formats" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:2 [ …2]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_abstract"
            #field_name: "field_post_abstract"
            #field_type: "text_long"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Résumé"
            #description: "Calibrage optimal : 500 signes"
            #settings: []
            #required: true
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2300
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
              #enforceIsNew: null
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              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
              #_entityStorages: []
              #originalId: "node.field_post_abstract"
              #status: true
              #uuid: "678691f5-501b-44f7-89c7-ad002c851cfb"
              -isUninstalling: false
              #langcode: "fr"
              #third_party_settings: []
              #_core: []
              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_post_abstract"
              #field_name: "field_post_abstract"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "text_long"
              #module: "text"
              #settings: []
              #cardinality: 1
              #translatable: true
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              #persist_with_no_fields: false
              +custom_storage: false
              #indexes: []
              #deleted: false
              #schema: null
              #propertyDefinitions: array:3 [ …3]
            }
            #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#2570
              #definition: array:2 [ …2]
              #typedDataManager: Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager {#807}
              #fieldDefinition: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2023}
            }
            #constraints: []
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            #deleted: false
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          "field_post_embed_credit" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2024
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
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            ]
            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_embed_credit"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "c110555d-55f9-4a80-b9ba-6e03af510305"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: array:1 [
              "allowed_formats" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:2 [ …2]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_embed_credit"
            #field_name: "field_post_embed_credit"
            #field_type: "text_long"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "Crédit du module"
            #description: "Exemple :  “Auteur, Titre du projet, année. Développement : Auteur”"
            #settings: []
            #required: false
            #translatable: true
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig {#2301
              #entityTypeId: "field_storage_config"
              #enforceIsNew: null
              #typedData: null
              #cacheContexts: array:1 [ …1]
              #cacheTags: []
              #cacheMaxAge: -1
              #_serviceIds: []
              #_entityStorages: []
              #originalId: "node.field_post_embed_credit"
              #status: true
              #uuid: "c4a33dc2-020f-4a5a-9a40-4a4ee586082c"
              -isUninstalling: false
              #langcode: "fr"
              #third_party_settings: []
              #_core: []
              #trustedData: false
              #dependencies: array:1 [ …1]
              #isSyncing: false
              #id: "node.field_post_embed_credit"
              #field_name: "field_post_embed_credit"
              #entity_type: "node"
              #type: "text_long"
              #module: "text"
              #settings: []
              #cardinality: 1
              #translatable: true
              #locked: false
              #persist_with_no_fields: false
              +custom_storage: false
              #indexes: []
              #deleted: false
              #schema: null
              #propertyDefinitions: null
            }
            #itemDefinition: null
            #constraints: []
            #propertyConstraints: []
            #deleted: false
          }
          "field_post_embed_url" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2025
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
            ]
            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
            #originalId: "node.post.field_post_embed_url"
            #status: true
            #uuid: "5e127856-f5e4-45bd-af2d-a1e722c289cc"
            -isUninstalling: false
            #langcode: "fr"
            #third_party_settings: []
            #_core: []
            #trustedData: false
            #dependencies: array:2 [
              "config" => array:2 [ …2]
              "module" => array:1 [ …1]
            ]
            #isSyncing: false
            #id: "node.post.field_post_embed_url"
            #field_name: "field_post_embed_url"
            #field_type: "link"
            #entity_type: "node"
            #bundle: "post"
            #label: "URL du module"
            #description: "URL pointant vers le module interactif développé en dehors du site Issue"
            #settings: array:2 [
              "title" => 0
              "link_type" => 16
            ]
            #required: true
            #translatable: false
            #default_value: []
            #default_value_callback: ""
            #fieldStorage: null
            #itemDefinition: null
            #constraints: []
            #propertyConstraints: []
            #deleted: false
          }
          "field_post_images_credit" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2026
            #entityTypeId: "field_config"
            #enforceIsNew: null
            #typedData: null
            #cacheContexts: array:1 [
              0 => "languages:language_interface"
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            #cacheTags: []
            #cacheMaxAge: -1
            #_serviceIds: []
            #_entityStorages: []
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          "field_post_text" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2031
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          "field_post_trans_credit" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#2032
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            "value" => "<p>As a member of one of the signatory umbrella organizations of the <em>Vienna Declaration on Artistic Research</em> – the <a href="https://societyforartisticresearch.org/">Society for Artistic Research</a> (SAR) – the HEAD – Genève is indirectly linked to this declaration. However, the HEAD advocates for and develops research formats that depart from an overly academic, or application-oriented, framework. In an interview, Anthony Masure, Head of the Research Institute at the HEAD, describes the school’s initiatives to develop an heuristic research process driven by creation and whose restitution can bypass the academic text. In addition, Doreen Mende, Researcher and Head of the CCC Research-based Master Programme, discusses the political role of advanced art practices in their dissemination of knowledge and how they deconstruct historical hierarchies, which, conversely, the Vienna Declaration tends to rigidify.</p>\r\n"
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            "value" => "<p>La HEAD – Genève est indirectement liée à la <em>Déclaration de Vienne sur la recherche artistique</em> car elle adhère à l'un des organismes de tutelle signataire du texte – la <a href="https://societyforartisticresearch.org/">Society for Artistic Research</a> (SAR). Cela dit, l'école développe et milite en faveur de formats de recherche qui s'extraient d'un cadre trop académique ou orienté vers les applications concrètes. Dans un entretien, Anthony Masure, responsable l'Institut de recherche à la HEAD, retrace les initiatives de l'école pour développer une recherche dont la création est le moteur du processus heuristique et la restitution peut contourner le texte académique. En complément, Doreen Mende, chercheuse et responsable du Programme Master de recherche CCC, revient sur le rôle politique des pratiques avancées en art dans leur diffusion de la connaissance et leur déconstruction des hiérarchies historiques, que la Déclaration de Vienne tend à l'inverse à rigidifier.</p>\r\n"
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              <p>As a member of one of the signatory umbrella organizations of the <em>Vienna Declaration on Artistic Research</em> – the <a href="https://societyforartisticresearch.org/">Society for Artistic Research</a> (SAR) – the HEAD – Genève is indirectly linked to this declaration. However, the HEAD advocates for and develops research formats that depart from an overly academic, or application-oriented, framework. In an interview, Anthony Masure, Head of the Research Institute at the HEAD, describes the school’s initiatives to develop an heuristic research process driven by creation and whose restitution can bypass the academic text. In addition, Doreen Mende, Researcher and Head of the CCC Research-based Master Programme, discusses the political role of advanced art practices in their dissemination of knowledge and how they deconstruct historical hierarchies, which, conversely, the Vienna Declaration tends to rigidify. &nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <h3 class="chapter">Escape conditioning: Interview with Anthony Masure</h3>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>Sylvain Menétrey:</em> Where do these European efforts to impose a framework for art research come from? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>Anthony Masure</em>: The <em>Vienna Declaration</em> <em>on Artistic Research</em> follows the 1999 <em>Bologna Declaration</em>, which aimed to structure higher education in Europe. The <em>Vienna Declaration </em>completes the Bologna process by examining its consequences in the field of art and design, not only to define but above all to institutionalise it, as Cramer and Terpsma clearly indicate when they speak of "administrative policy." The <em>Vienna Declaration</em> thus aims to frame, standardise and administer artistic research, which causes a number of problems and controversies, given art’s ability to constantly question itself and escape definition. <strong><em>​​</em></strong></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.:</em> What is the legitimacy and impact of this document – which is the result of the consideration of a few higher-education organisations – at the level of the HEAD – Genève community in particular, and artists in general? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>A.M.</em>: The signatories in fact include a large number of schools. The SAR (Society of Artistic Research), for example, is an important consortium, of which HEAD – Genève is a member: we are therefore indirectly involved in this initiative. More generally, we must not underestimate the concrete consequences of the <em>Vienna Declaration</em>, which is programmatic in nature and which is not debated in a democratic manner. Schools that do not recognise themselves in these declarations – and there are certainly many of them – come to suffer consequences (in terms of recruitment, budget, etc.) as soon as the initiatives are transformed into government policy. This is why I wanted to open a debate and have <em>ISSUE Journal</em> translate and publish Florian Cramer and Nienke Terpsma’s critical commentary.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.:</em> Beyond the Vienna Declaration, the institutionalisation of research in art and design already seems to be a reality – through the academic constraints on Doctorates in Art, for example, or the format requirements imposed by public funders. Are the non-institutional research practices defended by Terpsma and Cramer (situationism or pataphysics for example) really possible in art schools? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>A.M.: </em>There is little space for research outside of funding. A lot, if not most, of the budget has to be found through calls for proposals akin to architectural competitions, in Switzerland but also increasingly in France. You write your applications, which are accepted or not, and often you don’t take the time to question either the meaning of the forms you’re filling in, or their neoliberal vocabulary. You dismiss these issues by saying that the research – the <em>real</em> research – will grow apart from the application anyway... But the link between the two is obvious: a formatting takes place, from which we must try to protect ourselves.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.:</em> How can we avoid this conditioning? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>A.M.</em>: The challenge is to make a shift from what was expected, during commission or production, and to succeed in creating the unexpected – or to move from the "<em>prise</em>" (the catch) to the "surprise," as the researcher Yves Citton puts it. It is accepted now that not many people would want to do without funding agencies overnight, as this would jeopardise schools. However, there is a fundamental need to challenge these funders. The <em>Vienna Declaration</em> speaks of institutionalised research-creation, but we must bear in mind that within the SNSF (Swiss National Science Funds) this type of practice is not recognised yet. The institutionalisation of research-creation certainly comes with some risks, but when research-creation is not institutionalised, only the possibility of doing research "on" art and design – and not "with" the specificities of art and design – remains. It should be noted that the HEAD – Genève has clearly positioned itself on these issues, for example through a project by Lysianne Léchot Hirt which led to the book <em>Recherche-création en design</em>, published in 2010 by Métis Presses.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.:</em> Among the controversial aspects of the Vienna Declaration against which Terpsma and Cramer protest is the idea that artistic research can produce patents and copyright. Terpsma and Cramer also object to peer review. What is the position of the HEAD – Genève there? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>A.M.: </em>The idea that the outcome of research is to produce patents is one of the issues at stake in the text and one with which I am certainly at odds. The HEAD – Genève and the HES-SO have made a clear commitment to both open science and open access. In just a few years, we (at the HEAD) have made nearly 400 records of articles and conferences freely available through an almost exhaustive retroarchive. These efforts contribute to the international sharing of knowledge: I am thinking in particular of Africa, where researchers often have difficulty getting printed works delivered. Another initiative is the HEAD Publishing's new “Manifestes” collection (2021), which offers digital versions without embargo, in bilingual format and under a free license (CC BY-SA), thus ensuring the widest possible visibility and dissemination. Finally, open access is not only about text, as shown by Valentine Ebner’s <a href="https://issue-journal.ch/flux-posts/la-maille-anticapitaliste-2/">KnitGeekResearch</a> project (2018-2021, HES-SO funding), which develops open-source knitting machines.</p>\r\n
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              <p>Research’s peer review is a subject of much controversy in art and design. The people who control the quality of a project or an article usually have a doctorate and a tenured position in a university, which effectively excludes most artists and designers. This system therefore tends to generate what Cramer and Terpsma denounce, i.e. an endogenous research, locked in an ivory tower of self-congratulation and self-legitimation. There is a need for a more open approach, such as the one I apply in the research journal I co-edit, <a href="http://www.revue-backoffice.com/"><em>Back Office</em></a>, the scientific committee of which also includes artists and designers. What is more, the peer-review system can be contested. Indeed, studies show that, probably because of power games and reviewer bias, there isn’t much difference between a peer-review system and a simple drawing-lot system, the peer-review system only slightly improving the quality of papers.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.:</em> Is there a risk that art research will transform into "laboratory" type research, cut off from the practice of art, as Terpsma and Cramer predict? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>A.M.: </em>I wrote an article with the researcher Alexandre Saint-Jevin, to be published under the title "Form, format, formatting" in which we try to retrace the history of art-science laboratories in order to show that we should move from an idea of "sciences of design" to that of a "design of sciences." This reversal of perspective shows how design can play a role in displacing the so-called hard sciences or humanities, and this is why I am more nuanced than Cramer and Terpsma in their criticism of the idea of the laboratory. For example, the Bauhaus, which they cite, was a form of laboratory to which Walter Gropius gave a positive meaning. In a lecture entitled “A Certain Idea of the Laboratory” (2019), the philosopher Pierre-Damien Huyghe provided an inspiring re-reading of the Bauhaus, recalling that Gropius thought of creating “laboratory-studios,” i.e. spaces where ideas can move around and be reinvented.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <h3>&nbsp;</h3>\r\n
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              <h3 class="chapter">Experimentation as value-process: A Text by Doreen Mende</h3>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>Only within the last five years, research practices situated in the local-global-continuum of contemporary art have been shifting tremendously under the impact of planetary challenges in the 21<sup>st</sup> century. These changes have been discussed as “forensic turn”, where the field of contemporary art operates as a repository of methodological cross-experimentations with the capacity to reach beyond established faculities of knowledge towards the mobilization of a public forum or “forensis” (Eyal Weizman); furthermore, for example, the <em>Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle</em> (2018) by Felwin Sarr and Bénédicte Savoy on restitution of looted artefacts in European museums under the regimes of French colonialism has sparked an important debate across various museums’ collection practices, e.g., in Neuchâtel, Genève, Paris, Dresden and Berlin, which includes the inquiry for new methodologies of doing research in museums of Europa today: even art itself is implicated in the need for research methodologies of “unlearning” as Ariella Aïsha Azoulay proposed in 2019 in relation of material cultures in art- and exhibition-making; furthermore, Saidiya Hartman speaks of “critical fabulation” as a necessary research methodology to acknowledge the afterlives of slavery through fiction, poetry or speculation; or, last but not least, the <a href="https://advancedpractices.net/charter"><em>European Forum for Advanced Practices </em>(EFAP)</a>, of which I am a co-founding member among 40 more artists, theorists and museum professionals, was initiated exactly following the need to find new vocabularies, methods and criteria to evaluate art-based research practices that cross the fields of science, art, non-art and life beyond academic quantification, because “advanced practices” matter for society as public knowledge beyond academia and funding bodies.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>Earlier this year, the “value group”––that is working group 5 of the European Forum for Advanced Practices (EFAP) bringing theorists, artists, historians, curators, academics and administrators from various intra-European countries together––continued to discuss the concept of <em>value</em> in difference to <em>evaluation</em> within the context of practice-based research in the expanded field of arts. While <em>value</em> marks a material function in the equation of art, labour, knowledge and economics, <em>evaluation</em> has become not only a buzzword, but an administrative tool for validating, quantifying and managing knowledge as data as capital. In this regard, reading the <em>Vienna Declaration</em> from July 2020 reveals to me a proposal of paralyzing and dangerous demands.</p>\r\n
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              <p>In that regard, I agree with Nienke Terpsma and Florian Cramer who righteously argue that the <em>Declaration</em> is not only a worrying proposal for us researchers, artists and curators individually. It puts not only extreme pressure on us working in the expanded field of art/education and art/research of the Higher Arts Education Institutions to “fit in” a scheme that is not made for us, because it forgets about art’s unique potency of <em>experimentation as value-process</em> itself without any guarantee for a measurable outcome (data, statistics, object). Moreover, it dangerously constructs a self-fulfilling prophecy that collapses practice-based research into evaluation schemes that (a) not only limits practice-based research as a process of a novel value system itself, and thus, cuts off the air for para-disciplinary or non-disciplinary research experimentations, and (b) proposes to confine a profoundly cross-disciplinary process and sometimes anti-disciplinary desire into a discipline instead of an open field of practice; but also (c) re-enforces an euro-centric protocol on research. Specifically the last point is surprising in a moment when the whole world––and contemporary Europe specifically as a composite of cross-cultural societies facing its own histories, shortcomings as well as contemporary position in world economics ––tries to overcome the epistemic impasse of such a past.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>Considering signatories such as SAR (Society of Artistic Research), one could assume that the policy paper wishes to be helpful in regard to an institutional legitimization of “artistic research” as an academic discipline. Yet, what I read in the <em>Declaration</em> is a giving up and selling-out of the care for creating the necessary <em>conditions of making art-led methodologies</em> that depart in the first place from the forms of practices themselves, including their principles of value to start with, within a context of planetary challenges. Art has rarely been interesting nor long-lasting when it follows a logic of conformity under the name ‘Art Miami’ or ‘Frascati Manual’ in the first place.&nbsp;Only if we remain able to develop our research methodologies beyond quantitative schemes of evaluation, it will be possible to fulfill the mission of art-based research: a cross- and paradisciplinary unearthing of knowledge that has been undocumented or unthinkable by normative orders of administration. This needs the creation of elastic conditions beyond evaluation for the inclusion of unexpected or incomputable knowledge as critical value for contemporary art. The possibility for building such conditions as part of a research-process by artists, curators and theorists is what the <em>Declaration</em> misses out. Instead, it dangerously prepares the conditions for funding-conform and evaluation-oriented research practices in art and design.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>EFAP was initiated in a moment of the European crisis around 2018 of which Brexit is only one concrete example. It consists of about 70 Europe-based members working as artists, educators or researchers either independently or/and in institutions worldwide. We are working in five working groups. Around the notion of “advanced practices,” the group has been composing a set of concrete concepts, proposals as well as characteristics of practice-based research: In this moment of crisis, “we propose to go a step further in order to include practices that act as unexpected convergences of many forms of knowledge” as the Charter proposes. In other words, the realities around us––the climate-global condition, social movements, racial justice, digital ethics, political challenges, since 2020 pandemic capitalism––profoundly contribute to the configuration of not only what knowledge is beyond expected forms, but also how to get there. There is no other way than mobilizing art as tools of confronting these realities by methods of assemblage, speculation, theory-fiction, multi-dimensional, and fragmentation. From experience, both trans-generationally transmitted as well as currently made, we know that advanced practices are not only absolutely possible, but also urgent and necessary.</p>\r\n
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              <p>Certainly, the CCC research-based Master and the CCC PhD-Forum of the Visual Arts department has a rich history since the late 1990s in contributing to the positioning of HEAD in these debates institutionally and internationally. The CCC program’s transdisciplinarity, which attracts international and Swiss-based students from art and non-art backgrounds alike, is an invaluable resource. Over the last few years, together with the students and team, we were able to actualize the program towards <em>decoloniality</em> as a complex, thus, propositional condition for art-research being situated in planetary and transhistoric constellations; it is not easy to foster <em>decoloniality</em> in the framework of a Master program and I am not sure whether it should or could succeed to unfold in a study program fully. Yet, the decolonial call departs from an urgency to rethink our connectedness on a planetary scale. The search for research methodologies demanding and/or responding to this call crosses the spheres of students and teachers and peers alike. In this context, our conversations circulate exactly around the realization that <em>decoloniality</em> cannot be measured into a scheme of quantitative evaluation, because decoloniality resides beyond or below the computable, yet, provides a strongly necessary resource for mobilizing novel research methodologies for a world of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. Certainly, in this regard, the <em>Vienna Declaration</em> feels out of place, date and depth as well.</p>\r\n
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              <p>La HEAD – Genève est indirectement liée à la <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> <em>sur la recherche artistique</em> car elle adhère à l'un des organismes de tutelle signataire du texte – la <a href="https://societyforartisticresearch.org/">Society for Artistic Research</a> (SAR). Cela dit, l'école développe et milite en faveur de formats de recherche qui s'extraient d'un cadre trop académique ou orienté vers les applications concrètes. Dans un entretien, Anthony Masure, responsable l'Institut de recherche à la HEAD, retrace les initiatives de l'école pour développer une recherche dont la création est le moteur du processus heuristique et la restitution peut contourner le texte académique. En complément, Doreen Mende, chercheuse et responsable du Programme Master de recherche CCC, revient sur le rôle politique des pratiques avancées en art dans leur diffusion de la connaissance et leur déconstruction des hiérarchies historiques, que la <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> tend à l'inverse à rigidifier. &nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <h3 class="chapter">Combattre le formatage : Entretien avec Anthony Masure</h3>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>Sylvain Menétrey&nbsp;:</em> D’où viennent ces efforts à l’échelle européenne pour encadrer la recherche en art&nbsp;? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>Anthony Masure</em>&nbsp;: La <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> sur la recherche artistique fait suite à la <em>Déclaration de Bologne</em> de 1999, qui a pour objectif de structurer l’enseignement supérieur en Europe et même au-delà par la mise en place du système Bachelor-Master-Doctorat. La <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> vient parachever la <em>Déclaration de Bologne</em> en examinant ses conséquences dans le champ de l’art et du design, pour non pas seulement définir mais surtout institutionnaliser ce champ comme l’indiquent bien Cramer et Terpsma qui parlent à ce propos de «&nbsp;politique administrative&nbsp;». La <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> vise donc à cadrer, normer, administrer la recherche en art, ce qui pose un certain nombre de problèmes et de controverses, car l’art a pour faculté de se remettre toujours en question et d’échapper aux définitions.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M. :</em> Quelle est la légitimité et l’impact au niveau de la communauté HEAD – Genève en particulier (et des artistes en général) de ce document qui est le fruit de la réflexion de quelques organismes d’enseignement supérieur&nbsp;? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>A.M. : </em>Les signataires regroupent en réalité un large nombre d’écoles. Le SAR (Society of Artistic Research), par exemple, est un important consortium, dont la HEAD – Genève est d’ailleurs adhérente&nbsp;: nous sommes donc indirectement partie prenante de cette initiative. De façon plus générale, il ne faut pas sous-estimer les conséquences concrètes de ce texte à vocation programmatique, et qui n’est pas débattu de manière démocratique. Des écoles qui ne se reconnaîtraient pas dans ces textes, et il y en a certainement beaucoup, en viennent à subir des conséquences en matière de recrutement, de budget, etc., dès lors que ces initiatives se transforment en politique gouvernementale. C’est pour cela que j’ai souhaité qu’<em>ISSUE-Journal </em>traduise et publie le commentaire critique de Florian Cramer et Nienke Terpsma afin d’ouvrir un débat.</p>\r\n
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              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.&nbsp;:</em> Au-delà de la Déclaration de Vienne, l’institutionnalisation de la recherche en art et en design semble déjà une réalité, à travers les contraintes académiques qui pèsent sur le doctorat en art par exemple, ou les exigences en matière de formats imposées par les bailleurs de fonds publics. Est-ce que les pratiques de recherche non institutionnelles défendues par Terpsma et Cramer (situationnisme ou pataphysique par exemple) sont véritablement possibles au sein des écoles d’art&nbsp;? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>A.M.&nbsp;:</em> La recherche hors recherche de financement bénéficie d’un espace réduit. La plupart voire l’essentiel du budget, en Suisse, mais aussi en France de plus en plus, doit être trouvé via des appels qui ressemblent aux concours d’architecture. On rédige des dossiers, qui sont acceptés ou non, mais souvent sans prendre le temps de s’interroger sur le sens des formulaires et de leur vocabulaire majoritairement néolibéral. Souvent on évacue ces questions en se disant que la recherche – la vraie ! – s’éloignera du dossier… Or le lien entre les deux est évident : un formatage s’opère, duquel il faut essayer de prémunir.</p>\r\n
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              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.&nbsp;: </em>Peux-tu donner des exemples&nbsp;? </mark></p>\r\n
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              <p><em>A.M.&nbsp;:</em> L’enjeu est de parvenir à déplacer, dans la commande ou dans la production, ce qui était attendu et réussir créer de l’inattendu (ou passer de la «&nbsp;prise&nbsp;» à la «&nbsp;surprise&nbsp;», comme le dit le chercheur Yves Citton). S’il est admis que plus grand monde ne souhaite se passer du jour au lendemain des agences de financement car cela mettrait les écoles en péril, il y a un travail de fond à mener pour faire évoluer ces bailleurs de fonds. La <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> parle de recherche-création institutionnalisée, mais il faut avoir en tête qu’au sein du FNS ce type de pratique n’est pas encore reconnu... Il y a certes des risques dans l’institutionnalisation de la recherche-création, mais quand elle n’est pas institutionnalisée cela ne laisse que la possibilité de faire de la recherche «&nbsp;sur&nbsp;» l’art et sur le design et non pas «&nbsp;avec&nbsp;» leurs spécificités. Il faut noter que la HEAD – Genève s’est clairement positionnée sur ces enjeux, par exemple au travers d’un projet de Lysianne Léchot Hirt qui a donné lieu à l’ouvrage <em>Recherche-création en design</em> publié en 2010 chez Métis Presses.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.&nbsp;:</em> Parmi les aspects controversés de la Déclaration de Vienne contre lesquels protestent Terpsma et Cramer figure cette idée que la recherche en art peut produire des brevets et du droit d’auteur. Le duo s’insurge également contre la validation par les pairs. Comment la HEAD se positionne-t-elle sur ces points&nbsp;? </mark></p>\r\n
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              <p><em>A.M. : </em>L’idée que l’aboutissement d’une recherche est de produire des brevets est l’un des enjeux du texte contre lequel je suis assurément en porte-à-faux. La HEAD – Genève et la HES-SO ont pris un engagement clair en faveur de l’open science et de l’open access. En quelques années, nous (à la HEAD) avons mis en libre accès près de 400 notices d’articles et conférences à travers un rétroarchivage quasi-exhaustif. Ces efforts participent d’un partage de connaissance international&nbsp;: je pense en particulier à l’Afrique, où les chercheurs et chercheuses ont souvent des difficultés à faire livrer des ouvrages imprimés. Une autre initiative est la nouvelle collection «&nbsp;Manifestes&nbsp;» de HEAD – Publishing (2021) qui propose des versions numériques sans embargo, en bilingue et en licence libre (CC BY-SA), ce qui assure une visibilité et une diffusion la plus large possible. Enfin, le libre accès ne porte pas que sur le texte, en témoigne le projet de recherche<a href="https://issue-journal.ch/flux-posts/la-maille-anticapitaliste/"> KnitGeekResearch</a> mené par Valentine Ebner (2018-2021, financement HES-SO), qui développer des machines à tricoter open source.</p>\r\n
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              <p>Concernant la validation des recherches par les pairs, c’est un sujet qui est l’objet de nombreuses controverses en art et design. Habituellement, les personnes qui contrôlent la qualité d’un projet ou d’un article possèdent un doctorat et une position de titulaire d’une université, ce qui exclut de fait la plupart des artistes et designers. Ce système tend donc à générer ce que dénoncent Cramer et Terpsma, c’est-à-dire une recherche endogène, enfermée dans une tour d’ivoire dans une autosatisfaction et autolégitimation. Il faut donc adopter une approche plus ouverte, comme par exemple celle que j’applique au sein d’une revue de recherche que je codirige, <a href="http://www.revue-backoffice.com/"><em>Back Office</em></a>, dans laquelle le comité scientifique comprend <em>aussi </em>des artistes et des designers. On peut aussi totalement contester le système du <em>peer review</em>, dont des études prouvent qu’il n’augmenterait que très peu la qualité comparé à un simple un système de tirage au sort. Cela serait dû aux jeux de pouvoir et à des biais propres aux évaluateur·trices...</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><mark class="question"><em>S.M.&nbsp;:</em> Risque-t-on comme Terpsma et Cramer le pronostiquent que la recherche en art se transforme en recherche de type « laboratoire » complètement coupée de la pratique de l’art ? </mark></p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p><em>A.M.&nbsp;:</em> J’ai rédigé avec le chercheur Alexandre Saint-Jevin un article à paraître sous le titre «&nbsp;Forme, format, formatage, où l’on essaye de retracer l’histoire des laboratoires art-sciences afin de montrer que d’une idée des «&nbsp;sciences du design&nbsp;», on devrait passer à celle d’un «&nbsp;design des sciences&nbsp;». Ce renversement de perspective montre en quoi le design peut jouer un rôle de déplacement des sciences dites dures ou humaines, et c’est pourquoi je suis plus nuancé que Cramer et Terpsma quant à leur critique de l’idée de laboratoire. Par exemple le Bauhaus, qu’ils citent, était une forme de laboratoire auquel Walter Gropius donnait un sens positif. Dans une conférence intitulée « Une certaine idée de laboratoire » (2019), le philosophe Pierre Damien Huyghe en a fourni une relecture inspirante, en rappelant que Gropius avait l’idée de créer des «&nbsp;laboratoires-atelier&nbsp;», à savoir des espaces où peuvent se déplacer des idées et se réinventer. &nbsp;</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <h3 class="chapter">Créer de la valeur par le processus d’expérimentation : Texte de Doreen Mende</h3>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>En seulement cinq ans, les pratiques de recherche au sein du continuum local-global de l'art contemporain ont connu des revirements considérables sous l'influence des défis planétaires du XXI<sup>e</sup> siècle. On a parlé de ces changements comme d’un « tournant forensique » en vertu duquel le champ de l'art contemporain fonctionnerait comme une réserve d'expérimentations méthodologiques croisées permettant un dépassement des facultés avérées de connaissance et menant jusqu’à la mobilisation d'un forum public ou « forensis » (Eyal Weizman) ; de plus, par exemple, le <a href="http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_fr.pdf"><em>Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle</em></a> (2018) de Felwin Sarr et Bénédicte Savoy sur la restitution par les musées européens d’objets spoliés sous les divers régimes du colonialisme français a suscité un important débat quant aux différentes pratiques de collection (notamment à Neuchâtel, Genève, Paris, Dresde et Berlin), lequel inclut la demande de nouvelles méthodologies de recherche dans ces institutions : l'art lui-même est compris dans ce besoin de méthodologies de recherche de «&nbsp;désapprentissage&nbsp;» qu’Ariella Aïsha Azoulay proposait en 2019 d’appliquer aux cultures matérielles de la fabrication de l'art et des expositions ; Saidiya Hartman parle par ailleurs de la «&nbsp;fabulation critique&nbsp;» comme d'une méthodologie de recherche nécessaire pour la reconnaissances des séquelles de l'esclavage par la médiation de la fiction, de la poésie ou de la spéculation ; enfin et surtout, le <a href="https://advancedpractices.net/european-forum-advanced-practices-efap">Forum européen des pratiques avancées</a> (EFAP), dont je suis l'une des membres fondateur·ice·x·s avec 40 autres artistes, théoricien·ne·s et professionnel·le·s de musées, a été créé précisément pour répondre à la nécessité de trouver de nouveaux lexiques, méthodes et critères d’évaluation des pratiques de recherche basée sur les arts qui traversent les domaines de la science, de l'art, du non-art, de la vie loin de la quantification académique, parce que, au-delà du monde universitaire et des organismes de financement, les « pratiques avancées » constituent une forme de connaissance publique importante pour la société.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>En début d’année, le « groupe valeur » – à savoir le groupe de travail 5 de l’EFAP, formé autour de théoricien·ne·s, d’artistes, d’historien·ne·x·s, de conservateur·ice·x·s, d’universitaires et d’administrateur·ice·x·s de divers pays intra-européens – a continué sa discussion sur le concept de <em>valeur</em>, distinct de celui d'<em>évaluation</em>, dans le contexte de la recherche basée sur la pratique dans le domaine élargi des arts. Alors que <em>valeur</em> indique une fonction matérielle dans l'équation entre l'art, le travail, la connaissance et l'économie, <em>évaluation</em> est devenu non seulement un mot à la mode, mais un outil administratif de validation, quantification et gestion d’une connaissance prise à la fois comme donnée et en tant que capital. À cet égard, la lecture de la <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> de juillet 2020 me montre une proposition aux exigences paralysantes et dangereuses.</p>\r\n
              <a href="https://issue-journal.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/cropped_Phoebe-LinElnan-transcription-practices-with-Ghalas-Charara-in-the-framework-of-01-Decoso-Meeting-Decolonizing-Socialism-X-Cybernetics-1.png">\r\n
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              <p>Je suis d'accord avec Nienke Terpsma et Florian Cramer quand iels soutiennent à juste titre que la <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> est une proposition inquiétante pour nous, chercheur·euse·x·s, artistes et conservateur·ice·x·s. Ce document exerce en effet une pression extrême sur nous, qui travaillons dans le domaine élargi de l'art/éducation et de l'art/recherche des établissements d'enseignement supérieur artistique, pour que nous adoptions un procédé qui ne nous correspond pas puisqu’il fait abstraction de ce pouvoir unique de l’art de<em> créer de la valeur par le processus d’expérimentation </em>en dehors de toute garantie d’un résultat mesurable (donnée, statistique, objet). Par ailleurs, il instille une dangereuse prophétie auto-réalisatrice qui réduit la recherche basée sur la pratique à des systèmes d'évaluation et qui (A) non seulement, en tuant dans l’œuf les expérimentations de recherche para-disciplinaires ou non-disciplinaires, réduit la capacité de cette recherche à développer un nouveau système de valeur et (B) propose, au lieu d’ouvrir un champ de pratiques, de cantonner à une discipline unique un processus profondément transdisciplinaire et même parfois un désir anti-disciplinaire ; cependant qu’il (C) renforce un protocole de recherche euro-centrique. Ce dernier point surtout a de quoi étonner à l’heure où le monde entier – et plus particulièrement les sociétés interculturelles d’une Europe contemporaine composite confrontée à ses propres récits, à ses insuffisances ainsi qu’à sa position actuelle dans l'économie mondiale – tente de surmonter l'impasse épistémique d'un tel passé.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>La présence de signataires comme la SAR (Society of Artistic Research) laisse penser que ce document d'orientation souhaite prêter main forte à la légitimation institutionnelle de la «&nbsp;recherche artistique&nbsp;» en tant que discipline universitaire.&nbsp; Pourtant, je lis dans la <em>Déclaration</em> un lâchage, un abandon de l’attention portée à l’élaboration des nécessaires <em>conditions de</em> <em>créations de méthodologies portées par l'art</em> qui s'écartent dans un premier temps des formes de pratiques elles-mêmes, y compris de leur système de valeur. L'art qui suit une logique de conformité, sous le nom d' « Art Miami » ou de « Manuel de Frascati » pour ne citer qu’eux, donne rarement un résultat intéressant, encore moins impérissable. C’est uniquement en restant capables de développer nos méthodologies de recherche au-delà des systèmes quantitatifs d'évaluation que nous pourrons remplir la mission de la recherche basée sur l'art : une mise au jour transversale et paradisciplinaire de connaissances non documentées ou jusqu’alors impensables dans les cadres normatifs d'administration. Cela nécessite la création de conditions élastiques s’étirant par-delà l'évaluation pour inclure des connaissances inattendues ou non quantifiables dans la valeur critique de l'art contemporain. La <em>Déclaration</em> passe totalement à côté de la possibilité que de telles conditions soient créées dans le cadre d'un processus de recherche mené par des artistes, des conservateur·ice·x·s ou des théoricien·ne·x·s, pour mettre en place des conditions de pratiques de recherche dangereuses, conformes aux conditions du financement et axées sur les critères d’évaluation en vigueur dans l'art et le design.</p>\r\n
              \r\n
              <p>L’initiative du Forum européen des pratiques avancées a été lancée vers 2018 pendant la crise européenne, dont le Brexit ne donne qu'un exemple concret parmi d’autres. Elle réunit environ 70 membres domicilié·e·s en Europe ; des artistes, éducateur·ice·x·s ou chercheur·euse·x·s indépendant·e·s et/ou actif·ve·s au sein d’institutions de par le monde. Nous nous répartissons en cinq groupes de travail. À partir de la notion de « pratiques avancées », ce forum élabore un ensemble de concepts concrets, de propositions et de caractérisations de la recherche basée sur la pratique : en ce moment de crise, comme l’articule la charte, « nous proposons de faire un pas en avant pour inclure les pratiques qui opèrent en convergence inattendue avec de nombreuses formes de connaissances ». En d'autres termes, les réalités qui nous entourent – la condition climatique-mondiale, les mouvements sociaux, la question de la justice raciale et de l'éthique numérique, les défis politiques, le capitalisme pandémique depuis 2020 – contribuent fondamentalement à la configuration non seulement de ce qu'est la connaissance au-delà des formes attendues, mais aussi de la façon dont on y arrive. Pour y faire face, nous n’avons pas d'autre moyen que de mobiliser l'art et de trouver nos outils par des méthodes d'assemblage, de spéculation, de théorie-fiction, de multi-dimensionnalité et de fragmentation. Notre expérience actuelle, comme celle diffusée de manière transgénérationnelle, montre que les pratiques avancées sont non seulement absolument possibles, mais aussi urgentes et nécessaires.</p>\r\n
              <a href="https://issue-journal.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/low_Vanessa-Cimorelli-rose-rose-rose-2021-lecture-performance-sound-neon-LED-gelatine-poetry-virtual-gift.-.png">\r\n
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              <p>Assurément, depuis la fin des années 1990, le Master de recherche CCC et le Forum doctoral CCC du département des Arts visuels ont une riche histoire de contribution au positionnement de la HEAD dans ces débats, sur le plan institutionnel aussi bien qu’international. La transdisciplinarité du programme CCC, qui attire des étudiant·e·x·s internationaux·ales et suisses issus de milieux artistiques et non artistiques, est une ressource inestimable. Ces dernières années, notre équipe, avec les étudiant·e·x·s, a pu actualiser le programme vers la <em>décolonialité</em> qui, en tant que condition complexe et donc propositionnelle de la recherche en art, se situe dans des constellations planétaires et transhistoriques ; il n'est pas facile de la favoriser dans le cadre d'un programme de Master et je ne suis pas certaine qu'elle doive ou puisse réussir à se déployer pleinement dans aucun programme d'études. Pourtant, l'appel décolonial s’éloigne d’une urgence à repenser notre connectivité à l’échelle planétaire. La quête de méthodologies de recherche qui demandent cet appel et/ou y répondent traverse les sphères des étudiant·e·s, des enseignant·e·s et des pairs. Dans ce contexte, nos conversations tournent précisément autour de la prise de conscience que la <em>décolonialité</em> n’entre dans aucun système d'évaluation quantitative qui permettrait de la mesurer, parce qu’elle réside par delà ou en en deçà du calculable, ce qui ne l’empêche pas d’être une ressource des plus nécessaires à la mobilisation de nouvelles méthodologies de recherche destinées au monde du XXI<sup>e </sup>siècle. Il est certain qu'à cet égard, la <em>Déclaration de Vienne</em> semble déplacée, en décalage avec son temps, et curieusement creuse.</p>\r\n
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browse summary of Issue #10

As a member of one of the signatory umbrella organizations of the Vienna Declaration on Artistic Research – the Society for Artistic Research (SAR) – the HEAD – Genève is indirectly linked to this declaration. However, the HEAD advocates for and develops research formats that depart from an overly academic, or application-oriented, framework. In an interview, Anthony Masure, Head of the Research Institute at the HEAD, describes the school’s initiatives to develop an heuristic research process driven by creation and whose restitution can bypass the academic text. In addition, Doreen Mende, Researcher and Head of the CCC Research-based Master Programme, discusses the political role of advanced art practices in their dissemination of knowledge and how they deconstruct historical hierarchies, which, conversely, the Vienna Declaration tends to rigidify.

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As a member of one of the signatory umbrella organizations of the Vienna Declaration on Artistic Research – the Society for Artistic Research (SAR) – the HEAD – Genève is indirectly linked to this declaration. However, the HEAD advocates for and develops research formats that depart from an overly academic, or application-oriented, framework. In an interview, Anthony Masure, Head of the Research Institute at the HEAD, describes the school’s initiatives to develop an heuristic research process driven by creation and whose restitution can bypass the academic text. In addition, Doreen Mende, Researcher and Head of the CCC Research-based Master Programme, discusses the political role of advanced art practices in their dissemination of knowledge and how they deconstruct historical hierarchies, which, conversely, the Vienna Declaration tends to rigidify.  

Escape conditioning: Interview with Anthony Masure

Sylvain Menétrey: Where do these European efforts to impose a framework for art research come from?

Anthony Masure: The Vienna Declaration on Artistic Research follows the 1999 Bologna Declaration, which aimed to structure higher education in Europe. The Vienna Declaration completes the Bologna process by examining its consequences in the field of art and design, not only to define but above all to institutionalise it, as Cramer and Terpsma clearly indicate when they speak of "administrative policy." The Vienna Declaration thus aims to frame, standardise and administer artistic research, which causes a number of problems and controversies, given art’s ability to constantly question itself and escape definition. ​​

S.M.: What is the legitimacy and impact of this document – which is the result of the consideration of a few higher-education organisations – at the level of the HEAD – Genève community in particular, and artists in general?

A.M.: The signatories in fact include a large number of schools. The SAR (Society of Artistic Research), for example, is an important consortium, of which HEAD – Genève is a member: we are therefore indirectly involved in this initiative. More generally, we must not underestimate the concrete consequences of the Vienna Declaration, which is programmatic in nature and which is not debated in a democratic manner. Schools that do not recognise themselves in these declarations – and there are certainly many of them – come to suffer consequences (in terms of recruitment, budget, etc.) as soon as the initiatives are transformed into government policy. This is why I wanted to open a debate and have ISSUE Journal translate and publish Florian Cramer and Nienke Terpsma’s critical commentary.

S.M.: Beyond the Vienna Declaration, the institutionalisation of research in art and design already seems to be a reality – through the academic constraints on Doctorates in Art, for example, or the format requirements imposed by public funders. Are the non-institutional research practices defended by Terpsma and Cramer (situationism or pataphysics for example) really possible in art schools?

A.M.: There is little space for research outside of funding. A lot, if not most, of the budget has to be found through calls for proposals akin to architectural competitions, in Switzerland but also increasingly in France. You write your applications, which are accepted or not, and often you don’t take the time to question either the meaning of the forms you’re filling in, or their neoliberal vocabulary. You dismiss these issues by saying that the research – the real research – will grow apart from the application anyway... But the link between the two is obvious: a formatting takes place, from which we must try to protect ourselves.

S.M.: How can we avoid this conditioning?

A.M.: The challenge is to make a shift from what was expected, during commission or production, and to succeed in creating the unexpected – or to move from the "prise" (the catch) to the "surprise," as the researcher Yves Citton puts it. It is accepted now that not many people would want to do without funding agencies overnight, as this would jeopardise schools. However, there is a fundamental need to challenge these funders. The Vienna Declaration speaks of institutionalised research-creation, but we must bear in mind that within the SNSF (Swiss National Science Funds) this type of practice is not recognised yet. The institutionalisation of research-creation certainly comes with some risks, but when research-creation is not institutionalised, only the possibility of doing research "on" art and design – and not "with" the specificities of art and design – remains. It should be noted that the HEAD – Genève has clearly positioned itself on these issues, for example through a project by Lysianne Léchot Hirt which led to the book Recherche-création en design, published in 2010 by Métis Presses.

S.M.: Among the controversial aspects of the Vienna Declaration against which Terpsma and Cramer protest is the idea that artistic research can produce patents and copyright. Terpsma and Cramer also object to peer review. What is the position of the HEAD – Genève there?

A.M.: The idea that the outcome of research is to produce patents is one of the issues at stake in the text and one with which I am certainly at odds. The HEAD – Genève and the HES-SO have made a clear commitment to both open science and open access. In just a few years, we (at the HEAD) have made nearly 400 records of articles and conferences freely available through an almost exhaustive retroarchive. These efforts contribute to the international sharing of knowledge: I am thinking in particular of Africa, where researchers often have difficulty getting printed works delivered. Another initiative is the HEAD Publishing's new “Manifestes” collection (2021), which offers digital versions without embargo, in bilingual format and under a free license (CC BY-SA), thus ensuring the widest possible visibility and dissemination. Finally, open access is not only about text, as shown by Valentine Ebner’s KnitGeekResearch project (2018-2021, HES-SO funding), which develops open-source knitting machines.

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Exhibition view <em>Making FASHION Sense</em>, 2020, HeK Basel, with Valentine Ebner's open source knitting machines. Photo Franz Wamhof

Research’s peer review is a subject of much controversy in art and design. The people who control the quality of a project or an article usually have a doctorate and a tenured position in a university, which effectively excludes most artists and designers. This system therefore tends to generate what Cramer and Terpsma denounce, i.e. an endogenous research, locked in an ivory tower of self-congratulation and self-legitimation. There is a need for a more open approach, such as the one I apply in the research journal I co-edit, Back Office, the scientific committee of which also includes artists and designers. What is more, the peer-review system can be contested. Indeed, studies show that, probably because of power games and reviewer bias, there isn’t much difference between a peer-review system and a simple drawing-lot system, the peer-review system only slightly improving the quality of papers.

S.M.: Is there a risk that art research will transform into "laboratory" type research, cut off from the practice of art, as Terpsma and Cramer predict?

A.M.: I wrote an article with the researcher Alexandre Saint-Jevin, to be published under the title "Form, format, formatting" in which we try to retrace the history of art-science laboratories in order to show that we should move from an idea of "sciences of design" to that of a "design of sciences." This reversal of perspective shows how design can play a role in displacing the so-called hard sciences or humanities, and this is why I am more nuanced than Cramer and Terpsma in their criticism of the idea of the laboratory. For example, the Bauhaus, which they cite, was a form of laboratory to which Walter Gropius gave a positive meaning. In a lecture entitled “A Certain Idea of the Laboratory” (2019), the philosopher Pierre-Damien Huyghe provided an inspiring re-reading of the Bauhaus, recalling that Gropius thought of creating “laboratory-studios,” i.e. spaces where ideas can move around and be reinvented.

 

Experimentation as value-process: A Text by Doreen Mende

Only within the last five years, research practices situated in the local-global-continuum of contemporary art have been shifting tremendously under the impact of planetary challenges in the 21st century. These changes have been discussed as “forensic turn”, where the field of contemporary art operates as a repository of methodological cross-experimentations with the capacity to reach beyond established faculities of knowledge towards the mobilization of a public forum or “forensis” (Eyal Weizman); furthermore, for example, the Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle (2018) by Felwin Sarr and Bénédicte Savoy on restitution of looted artefacts in European museums under the regimes of French colonialism has sparked an important debate across various museums’ collection practices, e.g., in Neuchâtel, Genève, Paris, Dresden and Berlin, which includes the inquiry for new methodologies of doing research in museums of Europa today: even art itself is implicated in the need for research methodologies of “unlearning” as Ariella Aïsha Azoulay proposed in 2019 in relation of material cultures in art- and exhibition-making; furthermore, Saidiya Hartman speaks of “critical fabulation” as a necessary research methodology to acknowledge the afterlives of slavery through fiction, poetry or speculation; or, last but not least, the European Forum for Advanced Practices (EFAP), of which I am a co-founding member among 40 more artists, theorists and museum professionals, was initiated exactly following the need to find new vocabularies, methods and criteria to evaluate art-based research practices that cross the fields of science, art, non-art and life beyond academic quantification, because “advanced practices” matter for society as public knowledge beyond academia and funding bodies.

Earlier this year, the “value group”––that is working group 5 of the European Forum for Advanced Practices (EFAP) bringing theorists, artists, historians, curators, academics and administrators from various intra-European countries together––continued to discuss the concept of value in difference to evaluation within the context of practice-based research in the expanded field of arts. While value marks a material function in the equation of art, labour, knowledge and economics, evaluation has become not only a buzzword, but an administrative tool for validating, quantifying and managing knowledge as data as capital. In this regard, reading the Vienna Declaration from July 2020 reveals to me a proposal of paralyzing and dangerous demands.

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Phoebe-Lin Elnan, « 250221: Transcription of gestures during #01 Decoso Meeting between CK Raju, Dr. Ramon Amaro, Aarti Sunder and Ghalas Charara » © Phoebe-Lin Elnan / DECOSO at HEAD.

In that regard, I agree with Nienke Terpsma and Florian Cramer who righteously argue that the Declaration is not only a worrying proposal for us researchers, artists and curators individually. It puts not only extreme pressure on us working in the expanded field of art/education and art/research of the Higher Arts Education Institutions to “fit in” a scheme that is not made for us, because it forgets about art’s unique potency of experimentation as value-process itself without any guarantee for a measurable outcome (data, statistics, object). Moreover, it dangerously constructs a self-fulfilling prophecy that collapses practice-based research into evaluation schemes that (a) not only limits practice-based research as a process of a novel value system itself, and thus, cuts off the air for para-disciplinary or non-disciplinary research experimentations, and (b) proposes to confine a profoundly cross-disciplinary process and sometimes anti-disciplinary desire into a discipline instead of an open field of practice; but also (c) re-enforces an euro-centric protocol on research. Specifically the last point is surprising in a moment when the whole world––and contemporary Europe specifically as a composite of cross-cultural societies facing its own histories, shortcomings as well as contemporary position in world economics ––tries to overcome the epistemic impasse of such a past.

Considering signatories such as SAR (Society of Artistic Research), one could assume that the policy paper wishes to be helpful in regard to an institutional legitimization of “artistic research” as an academic discipline. Yet, what I read in the Declaration is a giving up and selling-out of the care for creating the necessary conditions of making art-led methodologies that depart in the first place from the forms of practices themselves, including their principles of value to start with, within a context of planetary challenges. Art has rarely been interesting nor long-lasting when it follows a logic of conformity under the name ‘Art Miami’ or ‘Frascati Manual’ in the first place. Only if we remain able to develop our research methodologies beyond quantitative schemes of evaluation, it will be possible to fulfill the mission of art-based research: a cross- and paradisciplinary unearthing of knowledge that has been undocumented or unthinkable by normative orders of administration. This needs the creation of elastic conditions beyond evaluation for the inclusion of unexpected or incomputable knowledge as critical value for contemporary art. The possibility for building such conditions as part of a research-process by artists, curators and theorists is what the Declaration misses out. Instead, it dangerously prepares the conditions for funding-conform and evaluation-oriented research practices in art and design.

EFAP was initiated in a moment of the European crisis around 2018 of which Brexit is only one concrete example. It consists of about 70 Europe-based members working as artists, educators or researchers either independently or/and in institutions worldwide. We are working in five working groups. Around the notion of “advanced practices,” the group has been composing a set of concrete concepts, proposals as well as characteristics of practice-based research: In this moment of crisis, “we propose to go a step further in order to include practices that act as unexpected convergences of many forms of knowledge” as the Charter proposes. In other words, the realities around us––the climate-global condition, social movements, racial justice, digital ethics, political challenges, since 2020 pandemic capitalism––profoundly contribute to the configuration of not only what knowledge is beyond expected forms, but also how to get there. There is no other way than mobilizing art as tools of confronting these realities by methods of assemblage, speculation, theory-fiction, multi-dimensional, and fragmentation. From experience, both trans-generationally transmitted as well as currently made, we know that advanced practices are not only absolutely possible, but also urgent and necessary.

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Vanessa Cimorelli #rose#rose#rose 2021, lecture performance, sound, neon LED, gelatine, poetry, virtual gift, CCC juries January, 2021 © Vanessa Cimorelli.

Certainly, the CCC research-based Master and the CCC PhD-Forum of the Visual Arts department has a rich history since the late 1990s in contributing to the positioning of HEAD in these debates institutionally and internationally. The CCC program’s transdisciplinarity, which attracts international and Swiss-based students from art and non-art backgrounds alike, is an invaluable resource. Over the last few years, together with the students and team, we were able to actualize the program towards decoloniality as a complex, thus, propositional condition for art-research being situated in planetary and transhistoric constellations; it is not easy to foster decoloniality in the framework of a Master program and I am not sure whether it should or could succeed to unfold in a study program fully. Yet, the decolonial call departs from an urgency to rethink our connectedness on a planetary scale. The search for research methodologies demanding and/or responding to this call crosses the spheres of students and teachers and peers alike. In this context, our conversations circulate exactly around the realization that decoloniality cannot be measured into a scheme of quantitative evaluation, because decoloniality resides beyond or below the computable, yet, provides a strongly necessary resource for mobilizing novel research methodologies for a world of the 21st century. Certainly, in this regard, the Vienna Declaration feels out of place, date and depth as well.

chapters

  1. Escape conditioning: Interview with Anthony Masure
  2. Experimentation as value-process: A Text by Doreen Mende